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INDEX
of
UNILATERAL SANCTIONS
by TARGET COUNTRY
INDEX
of
UNILATERAL SANCTIONS
by REASON FOR SANCTION
Reason for Sanction Legislation Page Boycott Activity Foreign Relations, 1994/1995 39 Communism TWEA (North Korea Regulations) 6 (Cuba Regulations) 7 FAA 42 GSP Act 45 CBERA 46 Andean Trade Preference Act 46 Ex-Im 49 Transition to Democracy Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 10 1997 Omnibus 14,15 Foreign Op. 1996 17,18 FAA 42 Environmental Activity Marine Act 26 Commerce Appropriations, 1990 27 Fisherman's Act 28 Driftnet Act 29 Ex-Im 50 Expropriation Helms-Burton 11 FAA 42 GSP Act 45 CBERA 46 Andean Trade Preference Act 46 Inter-American Development Bank Act 47 International Development Association Act 48 Harboring War Criminals Foreign Op. 1996 30 1997 Omnibus 30 Human Rights Iraq Sanctions Act of 1990 8 1997 Omnibus 14,15 Foreign Relations Authorization Act for 1990-91 16 Foreign Op. 1996 17,18 FAA 42,43 Trade Act 44 International Financial Institutions Act 47 Market Reform 1997 Omnibus 15 Foreign Op. 1996 18 Trade Act 44 Military Aggression IEEPA (Iraq Regulations) 4 (Serbia and Montenegro Regulations) 5 Iraq Sanctions Act of 1990 8 1997 Omnibus 14,15 Foreign Op. 1996 17,18 Narcotics Activity Narcotics Act 25 IEEPA 25 FAA 24 1997 Omnibus 25 Inter-American Development Bank Act 47 International Development Association Act 48 Ex-Im 50 Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Iran-Iraq Arms Non-Proliferation Act of 1992 9 Foreign Relations Authorization Act for 1990-91 16 Defense Authorization Act, 1990-91 31 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act of 1994 33 Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991 35 The Atomic Energy Act 36 NNPA 37 FAA 42 Ex-Im 49,50 Terrorism IEEPA (Iran Regulations) 3 (Libya Regulations) 4 Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996 12 ISDCA 19 Antiterrorism, 1996 20 Internal Revenue Code 21 Defense Appropriations Act, 1987 21 Defense Authorization Act, 1996 21 IEEPA 22 FAA 22 Foreign Op. 1996 22 1997 Omnibus 23 Spoils of War Act 23 GSP Act 45 International Financial Institutions Act 47 International Monetary Fund 48 Worker Rights Smoot-Hawley 38 FAA 43 GSP Act 45 CBERA 46 Andean Trade Preference Act 46
Endnotes 1See e.g., items designated under section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act, as amended. 50 U.S.C.A. App. ¤ 2405 (West 1991 & Supp. 1996). (The Export Administration Act expired on August 20, 1994. Executive Order 12924 continued in effect the Export Administration Regulations. 59 Fed. Reg. 43437 (8/19/94). Executive Order 12924 was extended by Presidential Notice of August 15, 1995 and August 14, 1996. 60 Fed. Reg. 42767 and 61 Fed. Reg. 42527.)
2See 31 C.F.R. Parts 535 and 560 (1996); See also the Iran-Iraq Arms Non-Proliferation Act of 1992 (at section I.D.) and the Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996 (at section I.G.).
3The original trade action against Iran consisted only of import restrictions invoked pursuant to the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 ("ISDCA"), Exec. Order No. 12613 (10/29/87). The current regulations have been expanded beyond the original action pursuant to IEEPA.
4See 31 C.F.R. Part 550 (1996); See also the Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996 (at section I.G.).
5See 31 C.F.R. Part 575 (1996); See also the Iraq Sanctions Act of 1990 (at section I.C. below), the Iran-Iraq Arms Non-Proliferation Act of 1992 (at section I.D.), and the 1997 Omnibus Appropriations Act (at section I.H.).
6The United Nations Participation Act, 22 U.S.C. ¤ 287c (1945).
7Pursuant to United Nations Security Resolution 986, U.S. persons are able to obtain licenses from OFAC to purchase and export Iraqi petroleum from Iraq, to deal in such products located outside of Iraq, and to sell and export certain pipeline parts and equipment to Iraq. The proceeds of the oil sales are to be used by Iraq to purchase humanitarian supplies. OFAC has recently issued the procedures for participating in Resolution 986. 61 Fed. Reg. 65312 (12/12/96).
8See 31 C.F.R. Part 585 (1996); See also 1997 Omnibus Appropriations Act (at section I.H.) and Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1996 (at section I.J.).
9Trade restrictions and more expansive blocking regulations have been lifted. 61 Fed. Reg. 1282 (1/19/96) and 61 Fed. Reg. 24696 (5/16/96).
10See 31 C.F.R. Parts 500 and 505 (1996).
11However, specific licenses may be issued to permit transactions related to light-water reactor power plant projects in North Korea.
12Transportation Order T-2 prohibits the movement of ships documented under U.S. law and aircraft registered under U.S. law to North Korea, and also the transport of goods to North Korea in such ships or aircraft. See Transportation Order T-2 (Amended), 37 Fed. Reg. 25040 (11/25/72); 44 C.F.R. Part 403 (1996).
13See 31 C.F.R. Part 515 (1996); See also the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 (at section I.E. below) and the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996, also known as "Helms-Burton" (at section I.F.).
14The embargo on all trade with Cuba was invoked under the authority of the Foreign Assistance Act. Proclamation 6447 (2/7/62). TWEA has been invoked to expand the trade restrictions.
15See also trade restrictions pursuant to IEEPA (at I.A. above); the Iran-Iraq Arms Non-Proliferation Act of 1992 (at I.D.); and the 1997 Omnibus Appropriations Act (at I.H.).
16With respect to Iraq, see also trade restrictions pursuant to IEEPA (at I.A. above); the Iran-Iraq Arms Non-Proliferation Act of 1992 (at I.D.); and the 1997 Omnibus Appropriations Act (at I.H.).
17With respect to Iran, see also the Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996 (at I.G.) and the restrictions pursuant to IEEPA (at I.A.).
18The inclusion of chemical, biological or nuclear weapons was added to the Iran-Iraq Arms Non-Proliferation Act by the National Defense Authorization Act for 1996. See Pub. L. 104-106, Div. A, Title XIII, ¤ 1408 (2/10/96).
19See also restrictions pursuant to IEEPA (at I.A.) and Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 (at I.F.).
20Payments to Cuba must be licensed by OFAC.
21See also restrictions pursuant to IEEPA (at I.A.) and Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 (at I.E.).
22President Clinton suspended this provision for six months beginning in July 1996, and the suspension was continued for an additional six month period beginning January 3, 1997.
23U.S. persons are already subject to embargoes against trade with Iran and Libya. See restrictions pursuant to IEEPA (at I.A.). See also Iran-Iraq Arms Non-Proliferation Act of 1992 (at I.D.).
24Investment does not include the "entry into, performance, or financing of a contract to sell or purchase goods, services, or technology."
25This language is identical to that contained in Foreign Op. 1996 (at I.J.).
26This Act is contained in the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act of 1996. Pub. L. 104-107, Title VI, ¤¤ 601-606, 110 Stat. 754 (February 12, 1996). This Act permits the President to waive section 307 of the Foreign Assistance Act in six month increments.
27Sections 507, 508, 523, 567 and 569 are similar to restrictions contained in Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1996 (at I.J.).
28This language is identical to that contained in the 1997 Omnibus Appropriations Act (at I.H.).
29Trade restrictions and more extensive blocking regulations have already been lifted in order to futher the peace process. Presidential Determination 96-7; 61 Fed. Reg. 1282 (1/19/96).
30Sections 507, 508, 523, 578 and 583 are similar to restrictions contained in 1997 Omnibus Appropriations Act (at I.H.).
31This prohibition was also contained in previous appropriations laws. See Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1995, Pub. L. 103-306, ¤508.
32The State Department designated terrorist countries are currently: Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan and Syria.
33See 31 C.F.R. Part 595 (1996).
34The State Department designated terrorist countries are currently: Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan and Syria.
35The use of funds for direct and indirect assistance to Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan and Syria is prohibited under this Act. See I.H.
36The Missile Technology Control Regime was created in 1987, and currently has 28 adherents. The Regime consists of a common export policy guideline to be applied to a common list of controlled items. Each member nation implements its own export controls with respect to these items.
37The certification required under the joint resolution has never been made. See also restrictions on exports of nuclear materials and equipment contained in the Foreign Relations Authorization Act for 1990-91 (at I.I.).
38The policy of denial with respect to Angola, Liberia, Rwanda and Somalia is pursuant to the United Nations Security Council imposition of a multilateral arms embargo.
39The Act expired on August 20, 1994. Executive Order 12924 continued in effect the provisions of the Act in order to continue in full force and effect the export control system maintained by the Export Administration Regulations. 59 Fed. Reg. 43437 (8/19/94). Executive Order 12924 was extended by Presidential Notice of August 15, 1995 and August 14, 1996. 60 Fed. Reg. 42767 and 61 Fed. Reg. 42527.
40See 15 C.F.R. Supplement No. 1 to Part 742.
41See additional restrictions under this Act on assistance to terrorist and drug producing/transit countries at II.A.7 and II.B.3.
42This Act is contained in the Foreign Operation, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act of 1996. Pub. L. 104-107, Title VI, ¤¤ 601-606, 110 Stat. 754 (February 12, 1996). This Act permits the President to waive section 307 of the Foreign Assistance Act in six month increments.
43Restrictions on assistance under this section of the Act have been added by the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act, 1996. (see I.J.).
44See additional restrictions on OPIC financing to: terrorist and drug producing/transit countries (at II.A.7 and II.B.3); military dictatorships (at I.J); and China (at I.I.).
45Trade preferences under this Act are given to "beneficiary developing countries", the designation of which is in the broad discretion of the President. The President is not required to grant such status.
46Trade preferences under these Acts are given to "beneficiary countries", designation of which is limited by statute to a list of countries located in the Caribbean and Andean geographic areas.
47See additional restrictions on Export-Import Bank assistance to terrorist and drug producing/transit countries at II.A.7 and II.B.3.
48The uncertified drug producing/transit countries are currently Afghanistan, Burma, Colombia, Iran, Nigeria and Syria.
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