A. Congressional Action

1. Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1998¹

a) Prohibits expenditure of appropriated funds on assistance to North Korea (Title VII, §8066)

2. National Defense Authorization Act, 1998²

a) Prohibits the use of funds otherwise appropriated for the destruction of chemical weapons until the President certifies that Russia is making progress toward implementation of the Bilateral Destruction Agreement and other national security issues (Title XIV, §1406)

3. Foreign Operations, Export Financing and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1998³

a) Prohibits the use of Export-Import Bank funds for the export of nuclear equipment, fuel, or technology to any non-nuclear-weapon state that has detonated a nuclear explosive after November 29, 1997 (Title I, Export-Import Bank of the United States)

b) Prohibits the provision of any funds to Cambodia other than for humanitarian, demining or election-related programs or activities (Title II, Agency for International Development, Cambodia). This prohibition was modified in 1999 (See infra, part III-A-2-a-i)

c) Authorizes the President to withhold funds to Bosnia and Herzegovina if he determines that they have not complied with certain provisions of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and that intelligence cooperation between Bosnia and Iran has not ceased (Title II, Assistance for Eastern Europe and Baltic States, (f))

d) Prohibits the provision of any funds to any new independent state (NIS) of the former Soviet Union that directs any action in violation of territorial integrity or sovereignty of any other NIS, other than for humanitarian or refugee relief (Title II, Assistance for the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union, (c))

e) Prohibits the use of any funds appropriated for NISs for military purposes other than demilitarization, demining and nonproliferation programs (Title II, Assistance for the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union, (d))

f) Withholds 50% of funds appropriated for Russia until the President certifies that Russia has terminated military and technological arrangements with Iran (Title II, Assistance for the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union, (j))

g) Restricts the dispersal of appropriated funds to Azerbaijan until the President certifies that Azerbaijan is taking demonstrable steps to cease all blockades against Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh (Title II, Assistance for the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union, (n)) (Note that this section is in addition to Section 907 of the Freedom Support Act of 1992⁴) (see later changes infra, parts III-A-2-a-ii and VI-A-1-a)

h) Prohibits the provision of funds appropriated for foreign military financing to Guatemala, Liberia or Sudan (Title III, Funds Appropriated to the President, Foreign Military Finance Program)

i) Prohibition against provision of funds appropriated for the United Nations Population Fund (UNPFA) to the People's Republic of China (Title IV, International Organizations and Programs)

j) Prohibits use of any appropriated funds for assistance or reparations to Cuba, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Iran, Sudan, or Syria (Title V, §507)

k) Prohibits use of any appropriated funds for assistance to any country whose duly elected head of government is deposed by military coup (Title V, §508)

l) Restricts the provision of funds appropriated for international organizations and programs to Libya, Iran, and, at the discretion of the President, Communist countries listed in §620(f) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (FAA)(Title V, §516)

m) Prohibits indirect use of appropriated funds for assistance or reparations to Cuba, Iraq, Libya, Iran, Syria, North Korea, or China (Title V, §523)

n) Prohibits use of appropriated funds to assist any state which the President determines supports international terrorism (Title V, §527)

o) Prohibits use of appropriated funds for dispersal pursuant to the FAA or the Arms Export Control Act to any country not in compliance with United Nations sanctions against Iraq (Title V, §534)

p) Prohibits availability of appropriated funds for states furnishing lethal military equipment to any country the government of which has been designated by the Secretary of State as a terrorist government (Title V, §550)

q) Prohibits use of appropriated funds for assistance for the Palestine Liberation Organization in the West Bank and Gaza (Title V, §552)

r) Authorizes the President to withhold appropriated funds from states granting sanctuary to persons who have been indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and other similar tribunals, as well as any indicted Nazi war criminals (Title V, § 561)

s) Prohibits provision of funds to Haiti unless the President certifies that Haiti has taken actions to investigate extrajudicial and political killings, enact certain privatization measures, and eliminate certain police (Title V, §562)

t) Prohibits providing certain FAA funds to the Palestinian Authority (Title V, §566)

u) Prohibits provision of appropriated funds to the security of forces of any country where the Secretary of State has credible evidence that such forces have committed violations of human rights (Title V, §570)

v) Prohibits provision of any appropriated funds to any country deemed by the Secretary of State to have failed to take necessary steps to apprehend and transfer to the appropriate Tribunal indicted war criminals (Title V, §573)

w) Prohibits provision of appropriated funds to the Russian Federation unless the President certifies that the Russian Federation has implemented no law discriminating against any group on the basis of religion (Title V, §577)

x) Requires that at least 5% of funds allocated to a country be withheld if the President determines that the country is not in compliance with U.N. sanctions against Libya (Title V, §582)

y) Prohibits provision of any appropriated funds to the Congo until the President certifies that it is cooperating with the United Nations in accounting for human rights violations committed in the country or surrounding countries (Title V, §585)

z) Requires the Secretary of the Treasury to instruct the United States executive directors of the international financial institutions (IFIs) to oppose loans to the Government of Cambodia, except loans to support basic human needs (Title V, §587)

4. Export-Import Bank Reauthorization Act of 1997⁵

a) Requires the President to notify the Bank of any transfer of an SS-N-22 missile system to China by Russia; directs Bank to deny credit in connection with purchases of Russian goods or services upon receipt of such notification

B. Executive Orders and Presidential Determinations

1. Presidential Determination No. 97-18 of February 28, 1997⁶

a) Afghanistan, Burma, Colombia, Iran, Nigeria, and Syria remain on the President's list of major illicit drug producing and/or major illicit drug transit countries subject to partial restrictions on bilateral and multilateral assistance pursuant to 22 U.S.C. §2291

2. Executive Order 13,047 of May 20, 1997⁷

a) Prohibits new investment in Burma by United States persons

b) Issued pursuant to Section 570 of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing and Related Programs Appropriation Act, 1997 (Public Law 104-208) and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. §1701 et. seq.) (IEEPA)

3. Executive Order 13,059 of August 19, 1997⁸

a) Restricts imports from, exports to, and investment in Iran by United States persons

b) Order to "clarify" earlier Executive Orders 12957 and 12959

c) Issued pursuant to IEEPA and the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985, §505 (22 U.S.C. §§2349aa-9) (ISDCA)

4. Executive Order 13,067 of November 3, 1997⁹

a) Blocks Sudanese Government property in the United States and restricts imports from, exports to, and investment in Sudan

b) Issued pursuant to IEEPA

C. Restrictions on Favorable Trade or Investment Status

1. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) Programs

a) OPIC programs in Cambodia are resumed on the basis of a favorable workers' rights determination made in the context of establishing Cambodia's eligibility to benefit under the GSP

II. 1998

A. Congressional Action

1. Agriculture Export Relief Act of 1998¹⁰

a) Ends certain sanctions limiting agricultural credits for India and Pakistan, which had been imposed under the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2799aa-1(b)(2)(D)) because of their nuclear weapons activities (see, infra, parts II-B-2 and 3)

2. Continuing Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1999¹¹

a) Reauthorizes sanctions contained in the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1998 (see, supra, part I-A-1) and the Foreign Operations, Export Financing and Related Programs Act, 1998 (see, supra, part I-A-3)

3. International Religious Freedom¹²

a) Requires the President to take certain actions against foreign governments who are identified in an annual report as violating religious freedom; the President can select among many actions, ranging from a private demarche to economic sanctions, such as limits on foreign assistance and refusal to approve export and trade credit (Title IV, §405)

B. Executive Orders and Presidential Determinations

1 Presidential Determination No. 98-15 of February 26, 1998¹³

a) Syria is removed from the list of major illicit drug producing and/or major illicit drug transit countries that are subject to partial withholding of bilateral and multilateral assistance under 22 U.S.C. §2291

b) Colombia remains on the list but sanctions against it are waived pursuant to the President's certification power under 22 U.S.C. §2291j

c) Afghanistan, Burma, Iran, and Nigeria remain subject to §2291 sanctions

2 Presidential Determination No. 98-22 of May 13, 1998

a) Sanctions were imposed against India for its detonation of a nuclear explosive device on May 11.

b) Pursuant to section 102(b)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act

c) These sanctions were progressively removed or waived (see, supra, part II-A-1 and, infra, parts III-A-1-a and V-B-4)

3 Presidential Determination No. 98-25 of May 30, 1998

a) Sanctions were imposed against Pakistan for its detonation of a nuclear explosive device on May 28.

b) Pursuant to section 102(b)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act

c) These sanctions were progressively removed or waived (see, supra, part II-A-1 and, infra, parts III-A-1-a, V-A-2, and V-B-6)

4 Executive Order 13,088 of June 9, 1998¹⁴

a) Blocks property of the governments of Yugoslavia, Serbia, and Montenegro, and prohibits new investment in Serbia in response to the conflict in Kosovo

b) These sanctions were expanded in Exec. Order 13,121 in 1999 and then generally lifted in Ex. Order 13,192 in 20001 (see infra, parts III-B-2 and V-B-1)

c) Issued pursuant to IEEPA

C. Restrictions on Favorable Trade or Investment Status

1. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) Programs

a) South Korea becomes eligible for OPIC programs upon a positive workers' rights determination

b) Guinea-Bissau becomes ineligible for OPIC due to the overthrow of the elected government in a military coup

c) OPIC programs in Pakistan are suspended in response to Pakistan's testing of nuclear weapons. The programs are reactivated in 1999 (see, supra, part II-B-3 and, infra, part III-C-2-b

d) OPIC programs in India are suspended in response to India's testing of nuclear weapons; the President waived the application of these sanctions until October 19, 1999. The programs were then reactivated in 1999 (see, supra, and part II-B-2 and, infra, part III-C-2-b)

III. 1999

A. Congressional Action

1. Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2000¹⁵

a) Grants the President the power to waive certain sanctions imposed against India and Pakistan pursuant to the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2799aa or 2799aa-1), the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 (12 U.S.C. 635(b)(4)) and the FAA in response to their detonation of nuclear devices; requires the termination of any presidential waivers if either country detonates another nuclear device (see, supra, part II-B-2 and 3)

b) The President exercised this power to continue various assistance programs to India and Pakistan in Presidential Determination No. 2000-4, October 27, 1999

2. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriation Act, 2000, enacted as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000¹⁶

a) The 2000 Foreign Operations Act reenacts the sanctions provisions of the 1998 Foreign Operations Act (supra, part I-A-3), with the following exceptions:

i) The prohibition against dispersal of AID funds to Cambodia is modified to prohibit any AID funds to the central government of Cambodia and to instruct the U.S. executive directors at international financial institutions to vote against loans, except for basic human needs (see supra, part I-A-3-b)

ii) The restriction on dispersal of funds to Azerbaijan is not reenacted (see supra, part I-A-3-g), but the Freedom Support Act of 1992 prohibition is not changed until 2002 (see infra, part VI-A-1-a)

iii) The authorization for the President to withhold funds from countries harboring war criminals is replaced with a direct prohibition on provision of funds to such countries (see supra, part I-A-3-r)

iv) The restrictions on provision of funds to Haiti are not reenacted (see supra, part I-A-3-s)

v) The requirement that at least 5% of funds allocated to a country be withheld upon a presidential finding that the country was not in compliance with U.N. sanctions against Libya is not reenacted (see supra, part I-A-3-x)

vi) The restrictions on the provision of funds to the Congo are replaced with a prohibition against providing aid to the government of the Congo (see supra, part I-A-3-y)

b) The 2000 Acts contains the following new sanctions:

i) Prohibits dispersal of funds appropriated under Title II of the Act for the Government of the Russian Federation until the Secretary of State certifies that Russian forces in Kosovo have not "established a separate sector of operational control" and are operating under NATO command and control arrangements (Title II, Assistance for the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union, (j)). This provision was not reenacted in 2000 (see infra, part IV-A-3-a-i)

ii) Prohibits dispersal of appropriated funds to the government of any Independent State of the Former Soviet Union unless that government is "making progress" in implementing economic reforms or if that government "applies or transfers U.S. assistance to any entity for the purpose of expropriation or seizure of assets, investments or ventures" (Title V, §517(a))

iii) Prohibits the provision of any appropriated funds to Serbia, with the exception of Kosovo and Montenegro (Title V, §537). This prohibition was not reenacted (see infra, part IV-A-3-a-ii)

iv) Prohibits use of appropriated funds for the creation in Jerusalem of any new office for the purpose of conducting official U.S. Government business with the Palestinian Authority (Title V, §554)

v) Designates Yugoslavia a state sponsor of terrorism for the purposes of 28 U.S.C. 1605(a)(7), with the exception of Kosovo and Montenegro; this certification will become null and void upon presidential certification that Yugoslavia has completed an acceptable democratic reform process (Title V, §591)

vi) Requires the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of State to instruct U.S. representatives to various international organizations to vote against any kind of assistance to Serbia until the President certifies that it has met certain requirements regarding democratic reform and compliance with certain commitments such as the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (Title V, §599)

3. The Admiral James W. Nance and Meg Donovan Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 2000 and 2001, enacted as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000¹⁷

a) Requires that that the U.S. withhold from its contributions to the United Nations Development Fund in 2000 and 2001 amounts equal to the amounts spent by the fund in Burma during those years unless the Secretary of State certifies that those amounts are used only for humanitarian purposes and provide no financial, military, or political benefit to the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) (Title I, §108(c))

b) Prohibits the use of any U.S. government funds given to the United Nations Fund for Population Activities for a country program in the China (Title I, §108(d)(2))

c) Restricts cooperation with North Korea regarding its acquisition of materials and technology related to nuclear power until the President determines that North Korea is in compliance with certain agreements with the IAEA, has granted the IAEA access to necessary sites and information, etc. (Title VII, Subtitle B, §822)

B. Executive Orders and Presidential Determinations

1. Presidential Determination No. 99-15 of February 26, 1999¹⁸

a) Iran is removed from the list of major illicit drug producing and/or major illicit drug transit counties subject to partial withholding of bilateral and multilateral assistance under 22 U.S.C. §2291

b) Nigeria remains on the list but sanctions against it are waived pursuant to the President's certification power under 22 U.S.C. §2291j (Nigeria had previously not been certified)

c) Afghanistan and Burma remain subject to §2291 sanctions

2. Executive Order 13,121 of April 30, 1999¹⁹

a) Amends Executive Order 13,088 of June 9, 1998 (see supra, part II-B-4) to further restrict investment in and transactions with Yugoslavia, Serbia, and Montenegro

b) These sanctions were generally lifted in Executive Order 13,192 in 2001 (see infra, part V-B-1)

c) Issued pursuant to IEEPA

3. Executive Order 13,129 of July 4, 1999²⁰

a) Blocks property of the Taliban in the U.S. and prohibits transactions with the Taliban by U.S. persons

b) Issued pursuant to IEEPA

C. Restrictions on Favorable Trade or Investment Status

1. Presidential Proclamation 7206 of June 30, 1999²¹

a) Reinstates Mauritania's GSP benefits, which had been suspended in 1993 due to inadequate worker's rights protections

2. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) Programs

a) OPIC programs in Pakistan, suspended in 1998, are reactivated

b) OPIC programs in India, suspended in 1998, are reactivated

c) Nigeria becomes eligible for OPIC programs upon certification that it is cooperating with U.S. anti-narcotics efforts

d) Mauritania becomes eligible for OPIC assistance upon certification of its progress in restoring workers' rights

e) OPIC programs in Cote d'Ivoire are suspended due to a military coup overthrowing a civilian government

IV. 2000

A. Congressional Action

1. Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 1999, enacted as part of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000²²

a) Requires that the annual human rights reports mandated by the FAA be expanded to include information on the country's patterns of "trafficking" in persons; upon a finding that a country does engage in such trafficking, the President is authorized to withhold non-humanitarian, non-trade-related foreign assistance from and limit cultural and educational exchanges with the trafficking country, and to direct U.S. representatives in international financial institutions to vote against loans and assistance to the trafficking country; the President is also authorized to use his Section 203 IEEPA powers against any foreign persons playing a significant role in trafficking

2. Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000, enacted as part of the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriation Act, FY 2001²³

a) Limits when the President may impose any new unilateral agricultural or unilateral medical sanction

b) Requires the President to terminate certain existing unilateral agricultural or unilateral medical sanctions, including some regarding Cuba

c) Does not apply to countries against which the United States is at war or against which the U.S. Armed Forces are engaged in hostilities

3. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriation Act, 2001²⁴

a) The 2001 Foreign Operations Act reenacts the sanctions provisions of the 2000 Foreign Operations Act (supra, part III-A-2), with the following exceptions:

i) Sanctions related to the operation of Russian forces in Kosovo are not reenacted (see supra, part III-A-2-b-i)

ii) The prohibition against the provision of appropriated funds to Serbia is not reenacted (see supra, part III-A-2-b-iii)

b) The 2001 Acts contains the following new sanctions:

i) Requires that 60% of appropriated funds be withheld from the Government of the Russian Federation until the President determines that Russia has terminated certain military transactions with Iran and is cooperating with international efforts to investigate and end alleged war crimes and atrocities in Chechnya (Title II, Assistance for the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union, (h))

ii) Requires the Secretary of State to make a quarterly determination on whether the Government of Peru has made "substantial progress in creating the conditions for free and fair elections, and in respecting human rights, the rule of law, the independence and constitutional role of the judiciary and national congress, and freedom of expression and national media"; prohibits the provision of appropriated funds to Peru if the Secretary of State does not so determine (Title V, §530)

iii) Prohibits the provision of appropriated funds to Haiti until the Secretary of State reports that Haiti has held a free and fair election for a new parliament, and the Director of the Office of National Drug Policy reports that the Government of Haiti is cooperating with U.S. efforts to stop drug traffic into the U.S. through Haiti (Title V, §558)

iv) Conditions dispersal of funds appropriated under Title III to Indonesia on Indonesia's efforts to bring to justice members of the military involved in human rights violations in East Timor, to ensure the safe return of displaced persons from East Timor, and to cooperate with U.N. investigations in East Timor (Title V, §579)

v) Prohibits the provision of appropriated funds to the government of any country that the Secretary of State determines has provided military support to the Sierra Leone Revolutionary United Front (RUF) or any other group attempting to destabilize the Government of Sierra Leone, or has aided or abetted the illicit distribution, transportation, or sale of diamonds mined in Sierra Leone (Title V, §583)

B. Executive Orders and Presidential Determinations

1. Presidential Determination No. 2000-16 of February 29, 2000²⁵

a) Afghanistan and Burma remain subject to anti-drug sanctions under 22 U.S.C. §2291

C. Restrictions on Favorable Trade or Investment Status

1. Presidential Proclamation 7328 of July 6, 2000²⁶

a) Suspends Belarus's GSP benefits due to its inadequate protection of workers' rights

2. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)

a) OPIC programs in Niger are reactivated in response to the restoration of a democratically elected government after a military coup in 1996

b) OPIC programs in Guyana are reactivated in recognition of Guyana's settlement of pending investment disputes

c) OPIC programs for Belarus are suspended because of inadequate protection of workers' rights

V. 2001

A. Congressional Action

1. ILSA Extension Act of 2001²⁷

a) Extends the Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996 until 2006, and makes technical amendments to the act

2. Foreign Assistance Restrictions-Pakistan²⁸

a) Exempts Pakistan from certain sanctions imposed by recent versions of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriation Acts and the FAA, authorizes the President to waive application of similar future sanctions, and expedites waiver process under the Arms Export Control Act and the Export Administration Act (see also, infra, part V-B-6)

B. Executive Orders and Presidential Determinations

1. Executive Order 13,192 of January 17, 2001²⁹

a) Lifts sanctions imposed against Yugoslavia in Executive Orders 13,088 of June 9, 1998 (see supra, part II-B-4) and 13,121 of April 30, 1999 (see supra, part III-B-2), but retains them with respect to certain specified persons and entities that are under indictment by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia or that have provided support material support to such persons

b) Sanctions lifted in view of U.N. Security Council Resolution 827 of May 25, 1993 and later resolutions

c) Issued pursuant to IEEPA and UNPA

2. Presidential Determination No. 2001-12 of March 1, 2001³⁰

a) Afghanistan and Burma remain subject to anti-drug sanctions under 22 U.S.C. §2291

3. Presidential Determination No. 2001-28 of September 22, 2001

a) Waives any remaining sanctions against India and Pakistan resulting from the Arms Export Control Act, the Department of Defense Appropriations Act of 2000, the Export Import Bank Act and the Foreign Assistance Acts (see, supra, parts II-B-2 and 3)

VI. 2002

A. Congressional Action

1. The Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2002³¹

a) The 2002 Act created an important waiver provision that amended Section 907 of the Freedom Support Act of 1992,³² which had restricted foreign assistance to Azerbaijan. The 2002 Act created several exceptions to Section 907, for example, for activities to support democracy and for activities by OPIC and Eximbank. It also provided that the President could waive entire Section 907 on an annual basis if the President determined that the waiver was, among other things, necessary to support U.S. efforts to counter international terrorism, or to support U.S. armed forces, or that it was important to Azerbaijan's border security (Title II, Assistance for the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union).

i. After signing the 2002 Act on January 10, 2002, the President promptly waived Section 907 on January 25. Presidential Determination No. 2002-06.

b) The 2002 Act reenacts the sanctions provisions of the 2001 Foreign Operations Act (see, supra, part IV-A-4), with the following exceptions:

i) China is removed from the list of countries to which appropriated funds may not be indirectly provided (Title V, §523)(see supra, part I-A-3-m)

ii) The requirement that Peru meet certain conditions before receiving appropriated funds is not reenacted (see supra, part IV-A-4-b-ii)

iii) The requirement that Haiti meet certain conditions before receiving appropriated funds is not reenacted (see supra, Part IV-A-4-b-iii)

iv) The prohibition against provision of funds to Cambodia is removed and is replaced with a requirement that such funds not be provided unless the Secretary of State determines that Cambodia is making progress resolving human rights cases, has held free and fair elections, and is making progress in protecting and conserving its natural resources (Title V, §563)(see supra, part III-A-2-a-i)

c) The 2002 Act contains the following new sanctions:

i) Adds Sudan to the list of countries to which appropriated funds may not be indirectly provided (Title V, §523)

ii) Requires the Secretary of the Treasury to direct U.S. executive directors of international financial institutions to vote against loans to Zimbabwe, other than loans related to meet basic human needs and promote democracy, until the Secretary of State certifies that the rule of law has been restored in Zimbabwe (Title V, §560)

iii) Requires that pursuant to a determination that the Palestinian Authority or PLO has not substantially complied with its 1993 commitments to renounce the use of terrorism and to stop its elements from committing acts of terror, the President apply at least one of several possible sanctions, including designating the Palestinian Authority or PLO a foreign terrorist organization and terminating assistance to the West Bank and Gaza (Title V, §566)

iv) Conditions the provision of appropriated funds to Colombia on a determination by the Secretary of State that the Colombian armed forces have taken certain actions relating to human rights violations by members of the armed forces (Title V, §567)

v) Conditions provision of funds to Serbia on a determination by the President that the Government of Yugoslavia is cooperating with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, taking steps to end support for Republika Srpska institutions, and is taking steps to "implement policies which reflect a respect for minority rights and the rule of law" (Title V, §584)

 

Compilation of U.S. Unilateral Sanctions on Non-State Actors

1) Iraq Liberation Act of 1998³³

a) Prohibits assistance to any group or organization in Iraq that cooperates militarily with the Hussein regime (Section 4(c))

2) Executive Order 13,094 of July 28, 1998³⁴

a) Bans procurement, assistance and imports to or from any foreign person designated by the Secretary of State as materially contributing to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction

b) Amends Executive Order 12,938 of of November 16, 1994

c) Issued pursuant to IEEPA and the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et. seq.) (AECA)

3) Executive Order 13,099 of August 20, 1998³⁵

a) Adds a number of terrorist individuals and organizations (including Osama bin Ladin and Al-Qaida) to the annex to Executive Order 12947 of January 23, 1995

4) The Admiral James W. Nance and Meg Donovan Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 2000 and 2001, enacted as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2000³⁶

a) Prohibits the provision of assistance to any person involved in the research, development, design, testing, or evaluation of chemical or biological weapons for offensive purposes (Title XI, Subtitle B, §1132(a))

5) Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act, enacted as part of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000³⁷

a) Blocks all property and interests in property, subject to U.S. jurisdiction, owned or controlled by foreign narcotics traffickers as identified by the President and foreign persons designated by the Secretary of the Treasury as materially assisting in international narcotics trafficking

6) Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000³⁸

a) Prohibits the export of arms and the issuance of dual-use licenses to foreign persons identified by the President as having transferred arms to Iran (§3)

7) Executive Order 13,219 of June 26, 2001³⁹

a) Blocks property of certain designated individuals who have committed or pose a significant risk of committing acts of violence threatening international stabilization efforts in the Balkans

b) Issued pursuant to IEEPA

8) International Money Laundering Abatement and Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001, enacted as part of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001⁴⁰

a) Authorizes that the Secretary of the Treasury, upon a finding that a foreign jurisdiction or financial institution is of "primary money-laundering concern," may prohibit or place conditions upon the opening and maintaining of accounts of foreign financial institutions in the United States (Title III, Subtitle A, §5318(a))

8) Executive Order 13,224 of September 23, 2001⁴¹

a) Blocks assets of certain designated individuals who commit, threaten to commit, or support terrorism, including Al Qaida and Osama bin Laden

b) Issued in view of U.N. Security Council Resolutions 1214 of December 8, 1998; 1267 of October 15, 1999; 1333 of December 19, 2000; and 1363 of July 30, 2001

c) Issued pursuant to IEEPA

1 Pub. L. 105-56, 111 Stat. 1203 (1997). 2 Pub. L. 105-85, 111 Stat. 1629 (1997). 3 Pub. L. 105-118, 111 Stat. 2386 (1997). 4Pub. L. No. 102-511, 106 Stat. 3320 (1992). 5 Pub. L. 105-121, 111 Stat. 2528 (1997). 662 Fed. Reg. 11,589 (Feb. 28, 1997). 762 Fed. Reg. 28,301 (May 22, 1997). 862 Fed. Reg. 44,531 (Aug. 21, 1997). 962 Fed. Reg. 59,989 (Nov. 5, 1997). 10 Pub. L. 105-194, 112 Stat. 627 (1998). 11Pub. L. 105-240, 112 Stat. 1566 (1998). 12Pub. L. 105-292, 112 Stat. 2787 (1998). 1363 Fed. Reg. 12,937 (Feb. 26, 1998). 1463 Fed. Reg. 32,109 (June 12, 1998). 15 Pub. L.106-79, 113 Stat. 1212 (1999). 16Pub. L. 106-113, 113 Stat. 1501 (1999). 17Pub. L. 106-113, 113 Stat. 1501 (1999). 1864 Fed. Reg. 11,319 (Feb. 26, 1999). 1964 Fed. Reg. 24,021 (May 5, 1999). 2064 Fed. Reg. 36,759 (July 7, 1999).

2164 Fed. Reg. 36,227 (July 2, 1999). 22Pub. L. 106-386, 114 Stat. 1464 (2000). 23Pub. L. 106-387, 114 Stat. 1549 (2000). 24Pub. L. 106-429, 114 Stat. 1900 (2000). 2565 Fed. Reg. 15,797 (Feb. 29, 2000). 2665 Fed Reg. 42,593 (July 6, 2000). 27Pub. L. 107-24, 115 Stat. 199 (2001). 28Pub. L. 107-57, 115 Stat. 403 (2001). 2966 Fed. Reg. 7379 (Jan. 17, 2001) 3066 Fed. Reg. 14,454 (Mar. 1, 2001). 31Pub. L. 107-115 (2002). 32Pub. L. 102-511, 106 Stat. 3320 (1992). 33Pub. L. 105-338, 112 Stat. 3178 (1998). 3463 Fed. Reg. 40,803 (July 30, 1998). 3563 Fed. Reg. 45,167 (Aug. 25, 1998). 36 Pub. L. 106-113, 113 Stat. 1501 (1999). 37Pub. L. 106-120, 113 Stat. 1606 (1999). 38Pub. L. 106-178, 114 Stat. 38 (2000). 3966 Fed. Reg. 34,775 (June 29, 2001). 40Pub. L. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001). 4166 Fed. Reg. 49,079 (Sept. 25, 2001).

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